Background reflections
A political philosopher's reflections on politics, philosophy, science, medicine and law. "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity" (Immanuel Kant, 1784).
The abstract:
Why should, and how can, the fields of climate science and geroscience (which studies the biology of aging) facilitate the cross-disciplinary collaboration needed to ensure that human and planetary health are both promoted in the future of an older, and warmer, world? Appealing to the ideal of “wisdom-oriented” science (Maxwell 1984), where scientists consider themselves to be artisans working for the public good, a number of the real-world epistemic constrains on the scientific enterprise are identified. These include communicative frames that stoke intergenerational conflict (rather than solidarity) and treat the ends of planetary and human health as independent “sacred values”(Tetlock 2003) rather than as interdependent ends. To foster “climate geroscience”— the field of knowledge and translational science at the intersection of climate science and geroscience— researchers in both fields are encouraged to think of novel ways they could make researchers from the other field “conversationally” present when framing the aspirations of their respective fields, applying for grant funding, and designing their conferences and managing their scientific journals.
Part
IV: Society
Chapter 10
The chapter begins
with the story of a young boy named Jorge who loved elephants and, when visiting
a circus, was puzzled by how a large elephant could be restrained by a chain
fastened to only a small stake in the ground. Surely the elephant was strong enough
to pull that stake out of the ground, but why did it not do so? This question stayed with Jorge for many
decades, as no one seemed to have a good answer to this question. One day Jorge met a man who had the answer. When the elephant was only a baby it was first
chained to the stake, and it quickly learned that its struggles to free itself
were pointless. So it accepted this fate. When it grew larger and stronger, it continued
to habituate to this limitation, despite the reality that it could free
itself. This parable has significance for human societies and how oppressed
groups and persons habituate to their situation rather than striving for emancipation.
The authors
contend that unhappiness arises when there is a gap between what you expect
(e.g. equality) and what you get (e.g. discrimination). This is known as the negative prediction
error. If all that mattered was
happiness, one might conclude that it is better for an individual to simply habituate
to their circumstances, molding their “expectations” to match their circumstances. But the authors argue that this perspective
misses the long-term benefits of the progress discontents can bring about.
I felt the
authors were somewhat sweeping and cavalier in their conclusions in this
chapter. The themes of the chapter
brought my mind back to the issues the reading group explored in Man’s
Search for Meaning. In that book Frankel emphasized how habituation to his captivity, and his
finding meaning and purpose in those dire circumstances, were crucial to both his
survival and his wellbeing. He underwent
“adaptative preference formation”. The prisoners
that despaired and died could not bring themselves to align their “expectations”
to their “circumstances”. Rather than
retreating into an internal world of meaning and purpose, shouldn’t Frankel and
the other prisoner’s have plotted their escape (resistance)? In other words, when is resistance vs adaptation
the wiser/better strategy to pursue? I
don’t think this is can be answered in the abstract. A lot hinges on the nature of the oppression/injustice
in question, and the prospects for real success (and what one takes to
constitute “success”). And there is often
significant uncertainty about the latter.
In hindsight,
after making substantive progress against various types of societal inequality
and oppression, it is easy to assume that abating such injustice was always feasible,
but for every successful example of a “moral entrepreneur” we might point to,
how many people lived less satisfactory lives than they might have otherwise
lived that did not make a meaningful change to the circumstances they faced?
Consider the
following, complex, contemporary example. Climate anxiety and distress, especially among
younger persons (ages 16-25), is correlated with a perception of inadequate
government response and feelings of betrayal. (see this).
One could construct two, diametrically opposing, stances to take on this.
One stance would be to prioritizes the happiness (including mental health) of
younger persons, and the other stance is to prioritize action to combat climate change. Applying the reasoning of the authors of the
book to this example, one might be inclined to say that the additional sadness,
anger, powerlessness, and guilt younger persons feel about the situation is an
acceptable cost for the future societal progress their anguish (presumably when
coupled with social activism) will generate.
This stance would re-frame the diminished wellbeing of the young as a necessary
cost of them being “moral entrepreneurs”.
But another
frame would be one which emphasizes instead the happiness and mental health of
the young, something that may impact their long-term physical and mental health
for decades to come (perhaps more than climate change will). Rather than living their daily lives worried
about the future of a warmer planet, and seeing themselves as the self-legislated
moral agents charged with swaying global governments to alter their energy policies,
they should instead prioritize actions, habits, etc. that will help them find personal
happiness and meaning “in the here and now”.
Fixating their attention and aspirations on changing public policy in
countries they do not even live in, let alone know much about or have any influence
over, is not a healthy mindset to adopt.
I think both
sides of this polarized characterization of the issues makes some good points,
but both sides are too extreme. What is
the judicious middle ground? I think we
should have some concern for the long-term prospects of both planetary and
human health, but I also think people should be able to live their own
individual lives (with personal hobbies, goals and ambitions) free from the
guilt and despair fuelled by burdensome moralized ideals. I would have liked the authors to have
devoted some attention to these types of real-world complexities.
Group discussion: one thing I would like to explore is what the insights from the book have for more mundane habituation examples, such as relationships and work. Is it desirable to have “low expectations” in one’s relationships and career? Or is it better to strife for more rewarding romantic connections and employment? What is the healthy balance between adaptation/appreciation and striving for better? Any thoughts you want to contribute on these topics?
Chapter
11: Discrimination
This chapter
addresses why victims of discrimination are less likely to habituate to
discrimination than the perpetrators:
because this discrimination violates the image of the self they have internalized.
The civil
rights activist Rose Parks is an example of a moral entrepreneur who, in 1955,
refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus. She was willing to face a fine rather than
simply accept the discrimination and inequality of the culture norms of the Southern
states at the time.
Group exercise: Which discriminatory attitudes and biases have you noticed you have been dishabituated to over your lifetime? And what do you think helped changed your perspective (e.g. the media, education, greater diversity in the workplace and society, etc.)? A lot of my own work research focuses on ageism and the stereotypes people have about older persons. It is still a serious problem that persists to this day.
I was too pressed
for time to offer details on the last few chapters, but feel free to bring up
any points from those chapters in our discussion on the weekend.
Cheers,
Colin
Throughout human history, civilizations have adopted relations of production that have enabled them to harness the full development of whatever technologies (productive forces) were available at the time -- from slave labour through to industrialization-- to produce things to meet material needs/preferences.
I believe this historical trend will also (/already does) apply to robotics and the AI revolution. Autonomous bot would, in effect, be the next "indentured servant" class for populations that have abated/ transcended the historical reliance on patriarchy and child labour.
Cheers,
Colin
How individuals navigate perspectives and attitudes that diverge from their own affects an array of interpersonal outcomes from the health of marriages to the unfolding of international conflicts. The finesse with which people negotiate these differing perceptions depends critically upon their tacit assumptions—e.g., in the bias of naïve realism people assume that their subjective construal of a situation represents objective truth. The present study adds an important assumption to this list of biases: the illusion of information adequacy. Specifically, because individuals rarely pause to consider what information they may be missing, they assume that the cross-section of relevant information to which they are privy is sufficient to adequately understand the situation. Participants in our preregistered study (N = 1261) responded to a hypothetical scenario in which control participants received full information and treatment participants received approximately half of that same information. We found that treatment participants assumed that they possessed comparably adequate information and presumed that they were just as competent to make thoughtful decisions based on that information. Participants’ decisions were heavily influenced by which cross-section of information they received. Finally, participants believed that most other people would make a similar decision to the one they made. We discuss the implications in the context of naïve realism and other biases that implicate how people navigate differences of perspective.
Cheers,
Colin